Roman Republic
Articles tagged Roman Republic.
Caesarion: Cleopatra’s Son and Egypt’s Last Ptolemaic King
Caesarion was Cleopatra’s son and Egypt’s last Ptolemaic king. Learn why his claim to Julius Caesar’s name made him dangerous to Octavian in 30...
Roman Quaestors: The Officials Who Managed Rome’s Money
Roman quaestors supervised treasury accounts, provincial finances and military supplies. Cicero’s case against Verres reveals the limits of their power.
The Gallic Wars: How Julius Caesar Conquered Gaul, 58–50 BC
From the Helvetii and the Rhine to Vercingetorix at Alesia, follow Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, its brutal costs, and the Roman account that shaped...
Battle of Pharsalus: Caesar’s Victory Over Pompey
At Pharsalus in 48 BCE, Caesar defeated Pompey after a cavalry attack failed. Ancient accounts reveal the tactics, losses and disputed battlefield.
How Did Augustus Create the Principate?
Augustus founded Rome’s Principate through the settlements of 27 and 23 BC, retaining command of the legions while preserving the Senate and Republican offices.
Who Was the Last Pharaoh of Egypt?
Cleopatra VII was Egypt’s last independent ruler. Her son Caesarion was its last titled Ptolemaic pharaoh. Their deaths ended the dynasty in 30 BCE.
How Was the Roman Republic Different from the Roman Empire?
Compare Roman republican elections, the Senate, law, armies and taxes with imperial rule, and see how Augustus concentrated power while keeping old offices.
Did Fulvia Really Stab Cicero’s Tongue With Hairpins?
Cassius Dio says Fulvia pierced Cicero’s severed tongue after his murder in 43 BC. The ancient evidence reveals what is certain and what remains...
How Did Cleopatra Die? The Snake Bite and the Ancient Evidence
Cleopatra died in Alexandria in 30 BCE, but ancient writers disagreed over whether a snake, poisoned ointment or concealed implement killed her.
How Did Octavian Win the Battle of Actium?
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BCE after Agrippa cut their supply routes. How the naval battle unfolded and why Cleopatra...
Julius Caesar: Life, Wars, and Legacy
Julius Caesar rose from Roman politics to the conquest of Gaul and civil war. His dictatorship, reforms and assassination transformed the Republic.
How Julius Caesar Used Propaganda to Gain Power
Caesar shaped Roman opinion through war narratives, public ceremonies, coins and monuments. His success also exposed the Republic’s struggle with personal power.
